Status Quo of Conservation Tillage Agricultural Machinery Operation Monitoring Technology
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摘要:
总结了秸秆覆盖率、免耕精量播种参数、机具作业面积等主要保护性耕作农机作业监测技术发展现状，并对典型保护性耕作监测设备进行了阐述和分析。在此基础上，归纳了现有保护性耕作农机作业监测技术面临的主要问题，并提出兼顾不同需求发展产品化、系列化、标准化的保护性耕作农机作业监测装备展望与建议，为解决制约保护性耕作快速发展的瓶颈问题提供参考。
Abstract:Development status of main conservation tillage agricultural machinery operation monitoring technologies such as straw coverage, no-tillage precision seeding parameters, and machine working area were summarized, and typical conservation tillage monitoring equipment was also analyzed．On this basis, combined with development requirements and application scenarios of conservation tillage, main problems faced by conservation tillage agricultural machinery operation monitoring technology were summarized, and development of productized, serialized and standardized conservation tillage agricultural machinery operation monitoring equipment that took into account different needs was proposed．To provide a reference for solving important bottleneck restricting development of conservation tillage, prospects and suggestions were put forward．
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Keywords:
- operation monitoring /
- conservation tillage /
- straw coverage /
- no-tillage seeding
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图 3 光电监测系统方案
1. 显示终端 2. 控制器 3. 光电传感器 4. 速度传感器
Figure 3. Scheme of photoelectric monitoring system
图 4 机器视觉式监测系统
1.主机 2. 视频捕获卡 3. 摄像头 4. 光源 5. 三脚架 6. 编码器 7. 电动发动机
Figure 4. Machine vision monitoring system
图 5 电容传感器结构
1. 测量管道 2. 信号接头（含电源与通信线） 3. 信号调理电路板 4. 电容传感器极板 5. 屏蔽机壳
Figure 5. Structure of capacitive sensor
图 7 中国农业机械化科学研究院集团有限公司的保护性耕作监测设备
Figure 7. Conservation tillage monitoring equipment of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences Group Co., Ltd.
图 8 北京德邦大为科技股份有限公司的播种监测器
Figure 8. Seeding monitor of Beijing Debon Dawei Technology Co., Ltd.
图 9 黑龙江惠达科技有限公司的播种监测器
Figure 9. Sowing monitor of Heilongjiang Huida Technology Co., Ltd.
表 1 秸秆覆盖计算方法性能比较
Table 1. Performance comparison of straw mulching calculation methods
方法 平均误差/% 平均速度/（张·s−1） 人工拉绳法 8.48 72 图像智能分割算法 6.32 10 人工神经网络（以秸秆纹理特
征构建网络）5.00 8 FFT+SVM（提取秸秆高频信号，
并进行高精度区分）4.55 0.05 
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表 2 常用电子式排种监测方法对比
Table 2. Comparison of commonly used electronic seed metering monitoring methods
监测方法 优点 缺点 适用场景 光电感应式 响应速度快、系统构建简单、成本低、使用方便、应用更为广泛 易受作业环境影响、无法监测破碎的种子、播种速度快或种子较小时，监测误差率较高 成本低、精度高，适于普通作业监测 机器视觉式 对检测种子的颗粒尺寸没有要求、监测精度高、可检测种子破碎率 对作业环境要求严格、成本较高限制推广应用、且劳动强度较大 成本高、精度高，适于育种检测、机具性能检测 电容感应式 抗干扰能力强、监测种子重播量、漏播量等参数精度较高 易受温度变化和寄生电容干扰，可靠性较低、稳定性不高、达不到实际应用要求 不适于实际应用 压电感应式 抗干扰能力强、简单可靠、有效地监测机具排种性能 改变种粒入土位置、增加了种管堵塞可能性 影响种子下落，不适于实际应用
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表 3 常用机具作业面积监测方法对比
Table 3. Comparison of commonly used methods for monitoring working area of machine tools
监测方法 优点 缺点 适用场景 转速传感器 监测精度较高、成本低及安装采集数据方便 地轮打滑致使监测精度大大降低 成本低、精度高，适于普通作业监测 卫星导航系统 无需与地表接触，适应性强，较高监测精度 价格较高 有定位需要
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