Ecological Risk Assessment of Gansu Section of Weihe River Basin Based on Landscape Pattern
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摘要:
为揭示渭河流域甘肃段近16年来景观对生态风险的影响，以2005、2010、2015和2020年4期TM遥感影像为数据源，构建景观生态风险评价模型，开展渭河流域景观生态风险评价及其时空分异研究。结果表明：2005—2020年，研究区景观类型发生了较大变化，人为因素对景观类型的干扰较大；2005－2020年，各渭河流域甘肃段景观破碎度、分离度及干扰度除建设用地外均呈现增长趋势，景观分维数除建设用地外均呈现减少趋势；2005－2020年，渭河流域甘肃段景观生态风险空间分布呈现显著正相关性；渭河流域甘肃段以理想和良好生态风险区为主，占流域面积62%以上，较差生态风险区主要分布在定西市安定区。从整体来看，研究区生态风险呈现出稳定的趋势。
Abstract:In order to reveal impact of landscape on ecological risk in Gansu section of Weihe River Basin in recent 16 years, taking four TM remote sensing images in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 as data sources, a landscape ecological risk assessment model was constructed and research on landscape ecological risk assessment and its temporal and spatial differentiation in Weihe River Basin were carried out．Results showed that, from 2005 to 2020, landscape types in study area had changed greatly, and human factors had a great interference on landscape types．From 2005 to 2020, landscape fragmentation, separation and interference in Gansu section of Weihe River Basin showed an increasing trend except for construction land, and landscape fractal dimension showed a decreasing trend except for construction land．From 2005 to 2020, spatial distribution of landscape ecological risk in Gansu section of Weihe River Basin showed a significant positive correlation．Gansu section of Weihe River Basin was dominated by ideal and good ecological risk areas, accounting for more than 62% of basin area．The poor ecological risk areas were mainly distributed in Anding District of Dingxi．On the whole, ecological risk in study area showed a stable trend．
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图 1 2005—2020年渭河流域生态风险分布
Figure 1. Distribution of ecological risk in Weihe River Basin from 2005 to 2020
表 1 景观指数计算方法及意义
Table 1. Calculation method and significance of landscape index
景观指数 计算方法及意义 景观破碎度指数（Ci） $ {C}_{i}=\dfrac{{n}_{i}}{{A}_{i}} $，$ {C}_{i} $>0 分离度指数（Ni） $ {N}_{i}={l}_{i}\times A/{A}_{i} $，${l}_{i}=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{\dfrac{ {n}_{i} }{A} }$，$ {N}_{i} $>0 分维数（Fi） $ {F}_{i}=2{l}_{n}（{P}_{i}/4）/{l}_{n}\left(A\right) $，Fi的值域为1～2 景观干扰度指数（Si） $ {S}_{i}=a{C}_{i}+b{N}_{i}+c{F}_{i} $，借鉴其他学者的研究，a、b、c分别为0.5、0.3和0.2 景观脆弱度指数（Vi） 对6种景观类型脆弱度指数赋值为未利用地6、水域5、耕地4、草地3、林地2、建设用地1，归一化后得到Vi 景观损失度指数（Ri） $ {R}_{i}={S}_{i}\times {V}_{i} $ 注：ni为景观类型i的斑块数；Ai为景观类型i的总面积；A为研究区景观总面积；Pi为景观类型i的周长。 
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表 2 景观类型分离度及景观损失指数
Table 2. Separation degree and landscape loss index of landscape types
景观 年份 面积/hm2 斑块数目 分维数 破碎度指数 分离度指数 干扰度指数 脆弱度指数 损失度指数 建设用地 2005 765 4954 1.053 6.479 12.346 3.938 0.0476 0.188 2010 823 4796 1.056 5.827 11.285 6.511 0.0476 0.310 2015 942 5038 1.062 5.349 10.108 5.912 0.0476 0.282 2020 1113 10185 1.069 9.153 12.165 8.440 0.0476 0.402 林地 2005 18021 12103 1.116 0.672 0.819 0.540 0.0952 0.049 2010 17525 11846 1.116 0.676 0.833 0.811 0.0952 0.077 2015 17607 12440 1.114 0.707 0.850 0.831 0.0952 0.079 2020 17582 12716 1.113 0.723 0.860 0.842 0.0952 0.080 草地 2005 23287 15639 1.131 0.672 0.720 0.490 0.1429 0.073 2010 22071 15730 1.130 0.713 0.762 0.811 0.1429 0.116 2015 22928 16681 1.126 0.728 0.756 0.816 0.1429 0.117 2020 22887 17248 1.124 0.754 0.770 0.833 0.1429 0.119 耕地 2005 28809 7855 1.121 0.273 0.413 0.443 0.1905 0.084 2010 30593 7732 1.120 0.253 0.386 0.466 0.1905 0.089 2015 29557 8688 1.115 0.294 0.423 0.497 0.1905 0.095 2020 29448 9746 1.111 0.331 0.450 0.523 0.1905 0.010 水域 2005 855 924 1.173 1.081 4.770 1.785 0.2381 0.425 2010 791 1009 1.165 1.276 5.389 2.487 0.2381 0.592 2015 786 1655 1.151 2.107 6.946 3.367 0.2381 0.802 2020 781 2016 1.143 2.581 7.710 3.832 0.2381 0.912 未利用地 2005 229 575 1.115 2.508 14.028 4.574 0.2857 1.307 2010 168 458 1.115 2.720 17.047 6.697 0.2857 1.913 2015 154 428 1.112 2.784 18.051 7.030 0.2857 2.008 2020 158 536 1.107 3.389 19.637 7.807 0.2857 2.231
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表 3 渭河流域景观生态风险等级面积及比例
Table 3. Area and proportion of landscape ecological risk level in Weihe River Basin
生态风险等级 2005年 2010年 2015年 2020年 面积/km2 比例/% 面积/km2 比例/% 面积/km2 比例/% 面积/km2 比例/% 理想 59992 83.37 8424 11.71 3248 4.51 1589 2.21 良好 9047 12.57 30064 75.11 52835 73.43 45319 62.98 预警 2400 3.34 7785 10.82 14021 19.49 21648 30.09 较差 506 0.70 1688 2.35 1839 2.56 3383 4.70 很差 10 0.01 16 0.02 13 0.02 16 0.02
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