2015 Vol. 5, No. 6

Display Method:
Wang Yanhong
2015, 5(6)
Abstract:
Chen Xi
2015, 5(6)
Abstract:
Wang Yanhong
2015, 5(6)
Abstract:
Chen Xi
2015, 5(6)
Abstract:
Xiao Lin
2015, 5(6)
Abstract:
Development Proposals and Supporting Equipment Development of Cotton Planting Mechanization in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region
Yang Xin, Wang Jianhe, Yang Shuhua, Yang Yonghong, Shi Jiayi
2015, 5(6): 1-5.
Abstract:
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region locate in the northern boundary of yellow river basin,an advantageous cotton-producing areas.And its cotton industry plays an important role in our country.In the past few years,cotton acreage here has declined,mainly due to the plantation,management and collection still relying on manual work,with a great labor intensity,low efficiency and small output.Based on sub-region layout and natural conditions of major cotton producing region,existing planting patterns and agronomic characteristics such as unequal row pitch,same row pitch,inter-plant of cotton and wheat were summarized.Current situation of mechanization skills and equipment types were researched.The latest needs and trends of cotton mechanization skills in the region were analyzed.Some suggestions such as improvement of cotton cultivation model,research on technology of supporting machinery,research and development of new machines were put forward.Based on specific technology system of Hebei cotton industry mission requirements,research and development,testing and demonstration work of cotton planting multifunction combined operating machine which was suitable for the local area were carried out.A variety of new type of sowing machine arrived technical appraisal.They promoted development of cotton planting mechanization technology in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.
Seeding Performanc Experiment on Hole-wheel Seedmeter Based on Hemp Crops
Shen Yufeng, Wu Mingliang, Long Chaohai, Xie Wei, Fu Yaxin, Hu Xinlei
2015, 5(6): 6-9.
Abstract:
In order to explore hole-wheel seedmeter of hemp seed crop adaptability,and provide a theoretical basis for design of multifunctional seeder,seeding performance test of flax,hemp,jute and kenaf seeds were carried out in a row for performance test bench.Relationship between speed of seed metering device and uniformity of seeding rate,rotation speed and uniformity of seeding rate were studied.Experiments showed that suitable for the metering device of bast fiber crops seeding operation,in the row of flax,speed should be controlled in 20~60 rmin,seeding cannabis,speed should be controlled in 10~30 rmin,row of kenaf species,speed should be controlled in 10~30 rmin,in the row of jute,the speed should be control in 5~25 rmin.Conclusion on hole wheel design of multifunctional seeder row had guiding significance and research through speed to control hole wheel metering transformer metering provides a theoretical basis.
Development Status and Countermeasures of Rice Transplanting Mechanization
Wang Jinxing, Li Wei, Liu Shuangxi, Zhang Han
2015, 5(6): 10-14.
Abstract:
Rice is one of main food crops in China.It plays important role in protection of national food security and supply of global food.Rice production mechanization develops rapidly in China.But planting mechanization level is always low.Artificial planting is still the main mode.To accelerate development of rice transplanting mechanization,which has important significance to realize full mechanization of rice.Development status of rice transplanting mechanization was summaried.Existing problems were analyzed.And suggestions and countermeasures were put forward.
Development Strategy of Agricultural Mechanization during ‘13th Five-Year’in Gongzhuling City
Wu Xiuhua
2015, 5(6): 15-17.
Abstract:
Achievements and experiences of agricultural mechanization development during‘12th Five-Year’in Gongzhuling city were summarized.Existing problems were profoundly analyzed.Development strategy and planning during‘13th Five-Year’of agricultural mechanization were discussed.Mechanism innovation and safeguard measures of agricultural mechanization development were put forward.
Research Progress of No-tillage Sowing Mechanical Technology for Pasture
She Daqing
2015, 5(6): 18-19.
Abstract:
Research situation of no-tillage sowing mechanical technology for pasture at home and abroad was introduced.Characteristics of some foreign representative machine were analyzed.Cultivation technique measures of two typical pastures were introduced.It provided reference for the next development on pasture no till sowing machine to domestic enterprise.
Promotion Practice and Thinking of Potato Production Full Mechanization Technology
Li Shanbin
2015, 5(6): 20-21.
Abstract:
Promotion Practice and Thinking of Potato Production Full Mechanization Technology
A Zero Leakage Multi Valve for Tractor
Wang Guangbo, Wang Yihua, Liu Tao
2015, 5(6): 22-24.
Abstract:
A zero leakage multi valve for tractor was developed in order to solve the problems that middle position seal of domestic hydraulic output valve relied on the clearance of slide valve and valve opening,and it could not guarantee the median leakage.Mechanical controlled check single valve was added to existing hydraulic output valve plate under the premise of not changing the function of hydraulic system.This multiple valve not only ensured zero leakage of hydraulic output valve plate in the middle position,but also reduced power loss of hydraulic system.It improved reliability of hydraulic system.
Fatigue Limit Test of Crankshaft for Farm Diesel Engine
Li Dehua, Duan Chunxia, Zhang Yijun
2015, 5(6): 25-26.
Abstract:
Three kinds of determination methods which met crankshaft characteristic of farm diesel engine were introduced.Advantages and disadvantages,applicable conditions and range were analyzed.It provided reference for selecting test method when fatigue limit of crankshaft for farm diesel engine was test in the future.
Irrigator Automatic Operation Control System
Zhang Yinqiao, Zhao Bo, Zhang Xiaochao, Zhao Huaping
2015, 5(6): 27-31.
Abstract:
In order to further improve efficiency of agricultural irrigation water,a kind of automatic irrigator control system was designed,which obtained prescription figures from server through GPRS communication,and compensated them with pressure data of irrigation water sent back in real time through ZigBee wireless transmission module.Working frequency of inverter,which decided the sprinkler’s walking speed,could be adjusted with GPS coordinates information in the current position.And then,sprinkler would work according to prescription figures.It also had manual function,such as control of sprinkler’s walking motor and adjustment of inverter’s working frequency.
Application of Electronic Information Technology in Agricultural Machinery
Shao Qunlian
2015, 5(6): 32-33.
Abstract:
With development of electronic information technology,various industries have begun to use electronic information technology to help produce.Without its help,our agricultural industry cannot develop fast especially in term of agricultural machinery.The electronic information technology makes it easy to use agricultural machinery.Some examples about use of electronic information technology were introduced and some suggestions to increase efficiency were given.
Primary Biodegradation of Primary Amine Collectors
Liu Xiaoye, Xin Shanzhi, Yue Lin, Huang Bijie
2015, 5(6): 34-36.
Abstract:
Improved shaking culture test was applied to analyze the primary biodegradation of Dodecylamine(DA)and Octadecylamine(OA).According to visible spectra scanning,maximum wave length of DA and OA was 412 nm.In the improved shaking culture test,concentration of OA was determined by heating,adding concentrated hydrochloric acid,and re-dissolving method.According to shaking culture test,primary biodegradability of DA and OA was 99.0% and 97.9%.Results showed that under condition of shaking culture test,DA and OA were both easily biodegradable,and primary biodegradation of DA was easier than OA.In the same conditions,microorganism was augmented making biodegradability of OA improved effectively.The primary biodegradation law of DA and OA could be applied as theoretical basis for treatment of mine wastewater containing primary amine collectors.
Demisting and Humidity Reducing Effect about Greenhouse Electric Defogging Health Promotion and Disease Prevention System
Yi Zhongjing, Zhou Weihua, Liu Binjiang
2015, 5(6): 37-39.
Abstract:
Aimed at high humidity,low temperature,and many other problems during process of cultivation of flue-cured tobacco floating seedling system in Zunyi region of Guizhou province,moisture content,changing rule of relative humidity in floating seedling establishment in space electric field and differences between control groups were monitored.Combined with change of crop growth and physiological metabolism,relationship between air moisture content,relative humidity and facility heat preservation and growth rate of tobacco seedling in space electric field environment were scientifically analyzed.Results showed that spatial electric field produced by greenhouse electric defogging health promotion and disease prevention system had a strong effect on defogging and reducing air moisture content.Decrease number was more than 40%,number of shutter ventilation was significantly reduced,difference in temperature swings was reduced,0.5~2 ℃ temperature advantage was kept,and seedling time was shortened by 5 d.
Application of Agricultural Residues in Inorganic Building Materials
Xu Changwei, Wang Jianheng, Tian Yingliang, Qi Hong, Sun Shibing
2015, 5(6): 40-43.
Abstract:
As a kind of renewable resource,applications of agriculture residues always attract people’s attention.Meanwhile people explore comprehensive utilization of agricultural residues through various ways.Application status and research progress about agriculture residues in the field of inorganic building materials were introduced,advantages and disadvantages of three kinds of application technology of cementing composite method,pore-forming method and burning method were contrasted in detail and its development were pointed out.
Aboveground Biomass Estimation Model of Two Shrubs to Aohan Banner Northern Wind-sandy Area in Inner Mongolia
Wang Juan, Tang Jun, Guo Yuefeng, Gao Yuhan, Yao Yunfeng
2015, 5(6): 44-47.
Abstract:
Taking two main shrubs(Salix gordejevii,C.microphylla)in Aohan,Chifeng as the research object.To construct the plant individual aboveground biomass estimation model using different functions and different independent variables.Screening out optimal aboveground biomass estimation model,which was biomass significantly correlated,and the best fitting degree.Results showed that,optimal biomass regression equation for the two typical shrubs was a power function equation.Determination coefficient R2 range was 0.626~0.915,SEE value range was 0.179~0.508,F test to achieve significant level,Salix gordejevii to DH as optimal model of independent variable,model was y=2.193x1.291,(R2=0.915,p<0.01);C.microphylla to S as optimal model of independent variable,model was y=0.008x2.349,(R2=0.878,p<0.01).As the growth condition of shrubs with a spatial heterogeneity,using the model required accuracy testing and calibration in any other study areas.
Innovative Research and Development of Drum-type Vacuum Low Temperature Grain Drying Machine and Performance Introduction
Cheng Changqing, Xie Haiyan, Guo Yinpu
2015, 5(6): 48-51.
Abstract:
In order to solve grain drying and improve its quality problems after drying,the ‘Yuan Hong Drying’ had a resource integration of technology and equipment for grain drying machine.A more efficient drum-type vacuum low temperature grain drying machine was developed.System composition,vacuum drying technical process,heat conduction of thermos tube,utilization of vacuum condensing waste heat,drying technology parameters and economic conditions were introduced and analyzed.
Construction of Agricultural Products Quality Safety Traceability System in Shanxi Province
Niu Wei
2015, 5(6): 52-54.
Abstract:
To speed up construction of agricultural product quality safety traceability system is effective means to creation of agricultural products quality safety county,improve regulatory level of agricultural products quality safety,and protect agricultural products quality safety.It has a strong impetus to development of modern agriculture.Development status and plan of agricultural products quality safety in Shanxi province were introduced,problems encountered in construction of agricultural product quality safety traceability system were expounded,and constructive suggestions were put forward.
Establishment of Seed Potatoes Standards System with Method of Comprehensive Standardization
Liu Zuxin, Zhao Yuelong
2015, 5(6): 55-57.
Abstract:
Establishment of seed potatoes standard-complex was proposed based on complex standardization principles and methods.Suggestions of standard system revision for seed potatoes were recommended under framework.It provided reference basis to complete seed potatoes standard system in future.
Brewing Process of Sweet Orange Wine
Yang Xiangyu, Yu Zhaoshuo, Tang Qi, He Dan, Li Xiaofeng, Ma Chengjin
2015, 5(6): 58-60.
Abstract:
Raw material was sweet orange.Technological conditions for production of orange wine which used alcohol fermentation juice were studied.On the basis of single factor test,optimization of process conditions through the orthogonal experiment of fermentation for sweet orange wine was yeast inoculation 0.15%,initial sugar content 23%,fermentation temperature 30 ℃ and fermentation time 144 h.Under the optimum conditions,alcohol content of the wine was 12.8%.The wine was clear orange,fragrance and mellow.
Technology Optimization of Guangdong-style Moon Cake with Purple Sweet Potato Fillings
Liu Yueying, Han Hongchao, Zhou Wei
2015, 5(6): 61-64.
Abstract:
Effects of different dosages of invert syrup,peanut oil,purple sweet potato puree and white granulated sugar on quality of Guangdong-style moon cake with purple sweet potato fillings were studied.Results showed that order of influencing factors on quality of Guangdong-style moon cake with purple sweet potato fillings was invert syrup,peanut oil,white granulated sugar and purple sweet potato puree.Optimum formulation for technology of Guangdong-style moon cake with purple sweet potato fillings was soap water 1 mL,peanut oil 5.5 mL,low gluten flour for cake 21 g,milk powder 1 g,purple sweet potato puree 57 g,white granulated sugar 4.7 g,wheat starch 1.3 g,and invert syrup 14 g.
Water Source Argumentation of Agricultural Construction Project:A Case Study of High Efficiency Water Saving Irrigation Project
He Zhiguo, Li Congmin
2015, 5(6): 65-67.
Abstract:
Water resource argumentation is an important part of water resource argumentation for construction project,and it is the foundation of adaptability and security of water supply for construction project.Taking high efficiency water saving irrigation project(Carboniferous ditch area)in the area of Red temple of Wuzhong city in 2014 as an example,rationality of water source project design,reliability of water source and problems should be paid attention to during water source engineering design were analyzed in the process of water resources argumentation of agricultural irrigation project.It provided technical basis for the design of water source engineering of construction project.
Problems and Optimization Strategies of Water Conservancy Construction Management
Li Xiaoya
2015, 5(6): 68-69.
Abstract:
Based on analysis of water conservancy construction management problems in Tongliang district of Chongqing city,feasible optimization strategy was put forward to promote smooth construction of water conservancy projects.
Environmental Restoration Governance of Non-coal Mine in Karst Mountain Area
Huang Yong
2015, 5(6): 70-72.
Abstract:
To improve ecological environment in southwest,and promote satisfaction of masses to agricultural production environment,present situation of recovery in non-coal mine environment management in the southwest karst hilly was analyzed.Classification management and adjust measures to local conditions for wasted non-coal mine management for mine environment restoration were taken.Measures were analyzed detailed in the two aspects of engineering technology and ecological environmental protection.Purpose of non-coal mine environment management in the southwest karst hilly was to restore mine environment and improve regional living and production environment.Finally,it was to realize project benefit maximization.
Problems and Countermeasures of Approval of Rural Residential Land Based on Investigation of Households in Tengchong County,Yunnan Province
Zhang Xiwei, Liu Shuzan, Hu Chengfei
2015, 5(6): 73-74.
Abstract:
In order to guide rural farmers to build,promote orderly development of rural residents,and protect and save arable land,combined with the author′s actual participation of rural housing land application for examination and approval work in Tengchong county,Yunnan province,farmers′ housing construction land application sample were descripted,present situation and problems for approval of rural residential land were analyzed,and concrete solutions to countermeasures were put forward through literature research,theoretical analysis and empirical investigation method.Results showed that problems need to be solved by means of publicity of laws and regulations on land law,further strengthening and perfecting the village planning and management,strict accordance with the examination and approval of construction land management,and strengthening construction land management aspects.
Saving and Intensive Management of Rural Land
Zhang Hailing
2015, 5(6): 75-76.
Abstract:
Current national economy is steady speed growth,under big background of agricultural structure adjustment and expanding domestic demand,saving and intensive land use has become priority of current rural work.Existing problems were discussed which mainly combined with rural land saving and intensive management status of Wulian county in Shandong province.Corresponding countermeasures were put forward.It had a certain role on promoting rural land use efficiency.
Design of Overhead Chain Harrow Type Organic Fertilizer Spreader
Qin Gui, Zhang Yanhong, Guo Jianye, Liu Xiaoming
2015, 5(6): 77-80.
Abstract:
In order to improve soil fertility,achieve large quantity of fertilizer application organic fertilizer of 7 500 kg per hectare,complet basic farmland comprehensive control project of 20 thousands hectares,a overhead chain harrow type organic fertilizer spreader was designed.Its characteristic was large amount of fertilization,overhead chain harrow and small power output.Prototype test results proved that this machine met production needs basically,small batch of 20 were producted.They better to completed basic farmland fertilizer organic fertilizer application in operation.And it provided a strong support for comprehensive management of basic farmland in Beijing.
Design of Vibrating Fluidized Bed Dryer for Tea
Gao Tianhao, Yan Yinfa, Li Fade, Chen Chaoke, Song Hualu, Li Yudao, Song Zhanhua
2015, 5(6): 81-87.
Abstract:
Vibration fluidized bed is widely used in sugar refining,plastics,dairy products,medicine,chemical fertilizer,chemical industry,salt industry and metallurgy industry as well as in the area of drying for its characteristics of uniform fluidization,good drying effect,energy saving and so on.But it is rarely applied in drying tea.Based on this phenomenon,basic physical and mechanical properties of tea were determined.A vibration fluidized bed dryer for tea was designed.Selection of motor and its installation angle were designed.Spring and other parts were designed.Required air quantity and heat quantity were calculated.Three-dimensional diagram was drawn by Solidworks software,two-dimensional diagram was drawn by CAD software.Inherent frequencies and modal shape of the first 10 steps of the vibration dryer were obtained by modal analysis of wind plate based on ANSYS software.Results showed that operating frequency of vibration dryer could avoid natural frequency and avert resonance with a good vibration isolation effect at the same time.Prototype met the requirements of production.
Design of Self-Propelled Caragana Fodder Combined Harvester
Mi Zhifeng
2015, 5(6): 88-91.
Abstract:
A self-propelled caragana fodder combined harvester was designed.It could complete joint operation such as Caragana stubble cutting,conveying,cut off and packing.This machine adopted high degree automation hydraulic walking system and intelligent control technology based on DSP in full load feeding and walking speed matching.Its working principle was introduced.Main working parts structure was designed.Field test proved that the whole machine performance index met requirements of task,and it complied with relevant national standards and local standards.
Design and Research of Caragana Forage Crusher
Liu Chunsheng
2015, 5(6): 92-95.
Abstract:
In the light of low level of mechanization about crushing and processing link of Caragana,a Caragana forage crusher was designed.This machine could complete Caragana cuting,rupture and flattening and grass powder processing operation at a time.Working mechanism was discussed.Relationships between rotor speed,crushing,screening principle,grain size and screen aperture were analyzed.Special equipment for special Caragana pellet feed processing facilities was research and development in order to meet quality requirements of feed production of Caragana powder.
Digital Design and Manufacturing of Tractor Cover Parts
Zhang Shaodan, Wang Zhenwei, Yang Ruimeng
2015, 5(6): 96-98.
Abstract:
Advantage of digital design for tractor cover parts was summarized according to its characteristics and design status.Taking a brand of 29.4~33.1 kW tractor cover parts development as an example,technological process of digital design and technical method of digital manufacturing were introduced.The combination of product design,analysis,optimization and manufacturing laid the foundation for producing high quality tractor cover parts.
Process and Property of 65Mn Surface Cladding Cemented Carbide
Zhai Pengfei, Wei Fengchan, Wang Jiawei
2015, 5(6): 99-100.
Abstract:
Co,WC and TiC powder were prepared on the surface of 65Mn steel which was commonly used in agricultural machinery parts by means of argon arc cladding technique.Micro-hardness and wear resistance of cladding were tested by micro-hardness instrument and abrasive wear testing machine.Microstructures of cladding were investigated by means of optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy. Results indicated that the hard phase WC,TiC and others scatter in soft phase Co,it made better resistance to abrasive cutting hard phase,improve the wear resistance and hardness finally.
Implement Research and Development Process of Graduation Design for Agricultural Mechanization Specialty
Shang Shuqi, Sun Jingfu, Yang Ranbing, Wang Jiangang
2015, 5(6): 101-104.
Abstract:
Agricultural mechanization specialty,Graduation design,Research and development process,Peanut combine harvester
Reform of Practical Teaching System Based on Application and Innovation Ability Training
Lian Zhengguo, Yang Ranbing, Zhai Kun, Wang Dongwei, Shang Shuqi
2015, 5(6): 105-108.
Abstract:
Practical teaching is one of teaching contents of talents training objective of higher education institutions.And it is an important part of teaching plan of higher learning institutions,which has an important role in improving students creative ability and practical ability.Traditional practical teaching mode of College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering in Qingdao Agricultural University has been improved and innovated.A practical teaching system has been set up to highlight the combination of application and innovation spirit.Principles to be followed of conditional guarantee and management guarantee system in the teaching system of innovation practice were expounded.Implementation effect of new practical teaching system was analyzed according to examples.Results showed that new system could effectively highlight practical application ability and innovation ability of engineering students.
Reform Measures of Graduation Design(Thesis)of Higher Vocational Students
Cao Yang, Zhang Lifang
2015, 5(6): 109-111.
Abstract:
Graduation design(thesis)is not only an important link in process of higher vocational education,but also an important measure to evaluate quality of a student.Development situation of graduation design(thesis)in Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College and other colleges and universities were introduced.Main problems and corresponding reform measures were put forward.
Root Space Electric Field Increases Oxygen Technology
Wang Maoxian, Chen Feifei, Zhou Weihua, Liu Binjiang
2015, 5(6): 112-113.
Abstract:
Atmospheric electric field as an important environmental factor affecting plant growth has been applied to production practice.Space electric field preventing and promoting vitality which was widely used in agriculture field has already begun to apply into tobacco field.In the positive space electric field,tobacco seedlings floating in nutrient solution were conductor which accepted positive charge and lost negative charge.Space electric field leakage current would be from root into nutrient solution.Root leaf interface would occur moisture micro electrolysis.Oxygen concentration of rhizosphere nutrient solution was increased.Dissolved oxygen concentration changed with space electric field intensity.When liquid temperature was 15 ℃,dissolved oxygen could reach 3.8~5.7 mgL,and control group was 3.6~5.3 mgL.When space electric field was disappeared,dissolved oxygen concentration reduced quickly,concentrations were close to control in 45 min.
Status,Problems and Countermeasures of Agricultural Industrialization Development in Weishan County of Shandong Province
Gao Min, Zhu Gengzhen, Chen Lu, Ge Mingxu, Shao Guoqing
2015, 5(6): 114-117.
Abstract:
On the basis of previous research,current situation of agricultural industrialization in Weishan county was summarized,and five major problems restricting agriculture development in Weishan county were found out.Those were coal exploitation caused invisible loss of land,macro industrial structure level was low,agricultural industrialization level was not high,agricultural products market system was not sound and benefiting agriculture policy support was not strong.On view of above problems,combined with actual situation of Weishan county,6 countermeasures were put forward.Those were improving ideological understanding,really understanding connotation and significance of agricultural industrialization,and promoting extreme importance of new rural construction,adjusting industrial layout,speeding up bigger and stronger leading industry,improving system of interests mechanism,and developing agricultural leading enterprises,taking many forms,and vigorously develop new rural economic cooperative organizations,perfecting market system,strengthening circulation of agricultural products,studying and formulating preferential policies to support agriculture industrialization.
Development of Rural Public Service Community in Context of Urban and Rural Integration
Liu Yuxin, Shen Hong
2015, 5(6): 118-119.
Abstract:
Rural public service community is essential requirement of urban and rural integration,and integration of rural public services is determined by urban and rural integration.With rapid development of urban and rural integration,rural public service community has achieved some success,but it also faced some problems.Based on analysis,countermeasures and suggestions to promote rural public service community were put forward.
Boost of Village Level File Management to Construction of Socialist New Countryside
Zhao Miao
2015, 5(6): 120-121.
Abstract:
With development of new rural construction,importance of archives is also highlighted.Improving village level file management is important basis of new rural construction and management work.Agricultural and rural archives are huge wealth.And actively building and strengthening management system of rural archives work could better serve for farmers,rural economy,politics,culture,social,party building,and socialist new rural construction.
Problems and Countermeasures of Agricultural Machinery Popularization
Mi Jiufang
2015, 5(6): 122-123.
Abstract:
Along with rural population continues to city transfer,agricultural mechanization development has a broader space,and work of agricultural machinery popularization department has a long way to go.Problems and insufficiency existing in agricultural machinery promotion were analyzed.Innovating work train of thought,carrying out experiment demonstration and technical training,enhancing professionalism of basic-level agricultural machinery personnel and other measures were proposed.Basic-level agricultural machinery popularization work was ensured to be carried out effectively,and agricultural mechanization work was realized smoothly.
Maxtron 620 New Self-propelled Beet Digging Harvester of Grimme Company
Wu Qingfen
2015, 5(6): 124-127.
Abstract:
Structural characteristics of major components and technical performance of Maxtron 620 new self-propelled beet digging harvester of German Grimme company were introduced briefly.It provided technical reference for China′s agricultural machinery industry to research and develop new self-propelled beet digging harvester new products.