Abstract: Traditional chemical analysis methods of soil composition content make it difficult to fully capture comprehensive information about soil．Hyperspectral technology is often used as an effective way to accurately invert soil elemental content in large areas because of its rapid, non-polluting, and wide detection range．Technical principles and system devices of hyperspectral were summarized, and correction methods of hyperspectral data, multiple spectral pre-processing methods, characteristic wavelength extraction methods, and model construction methods were discussed．The latest research progress of hyperspectral technology in detection of soil composition（moisture, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and soil salinity）was summarized．Problems and future development trends of hyperspectral technology in soil composition detection were discussed, to provide a reference for innovation of soil detection technology．