农村黑臭水体微生物群落结构特征及其生态修复机制

李胜昌; 胡小川

doi:10.19998/j.cnki.2095-1795.202510032

农村黑臭水体微生物群落结构特征及其生态修复机制

Microbial community structure characteristics and ecological restoration mechanisms of rural black-odorous water

摘要

摘要: 系统解析农村黑臭水体微生物群落结构特征与生态修复机制，为农村水环境治理提供微生物学理论依据。采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析河南省郑州市5个典型农村黑臭水体的微生物群落，结合理化指标检测和3种生态修复试验（微生物制剂、植物修复、曝气增氧），系统研究微生物群落在水体污染与修复过程中的演替规律及功能变化。结果表明，污染水体微生物群落多样性显著降低，Shannon指数由健康水体的4.7降至重度污染的2.1（P<0.001）；厌氧发酵菌群（梭菌属12.3%、脱硫弧菌属6.2%、产甲烷杆菌属5.8%）大量增殖，而硝化细菌（硝化菌属0.8%、亚硝酸菌属1.1%）显著减少。功能基因预测显示，硫酸盐还原和甲烷生成相关基因丰度分别增至11.2%和9.8%，而硝化和反硝化基因降至2.1%和1.8%。微生物群落Shannon指数与溶解氧（DO）呈极显著正相关（R=0.847，P<0.001），与化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮（NH₃-N）呈极显著负相关（R=−0.823和−0.856，P<0.001）。生态修复试验表明，微生物制剂修复效果最优，30 d内COD和NH₃-N去除率分别达73.5%和68.2%，Shannon指数提升1.8；修复过程中厌氧菌群由68.7%降至28.3%，好氧菌群由15.3%增至54.7%，硝化细菌由1.2%增至8.2%。研究结果表明，农村黑臭水体微生物群落结构失衡是水质恶化的微生物学根源；基于微生物群落调控的生态修复技术能够有效重建群落结构、恢复生态功能，为农村水环境综合治理提供新的技术途径和理论支撑。

Abstract: Microbial communities structure characteristics and ecological restoration mechanisms of rural black-odorous water was systematically analyzed to provide microbiological theoretical basis for rural water environment management．16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze microbial communities in five typical rural black-odorous water in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province．Combined with physicochemical index detection and three ecological restoration experiments（microbial agents, phytoremediation, and aeration oxygenation）, succession patterns and functional changes of microbial communities during water pollution and restoration were systematically investigated．Results showed that microbial community diversity in polluted water was significantly reduced, with Shannon index decreasing from 4.7 in healthy water to 2.1 in severely polluted water（P<0.001）．Anaerobic fermentation bacterial communities（Clostridium 12.3%, Desulfovibrio 6.2%, Methanobacterium 5.8%）proliferated extensively, while nitrifying bacteria（Nitrobacter 0.8%, Nitrosomonas 1.1%）decreased significantly．Functional gene prediction revealed that gene abundance associated with sulfate reduction and methanogenesis related genes increased to 11.2% and 9.8%, respectively, while nitrification and denitrification genes decreased to 2.1% and 1.8%．Shannon index showed highly significant positive correlation with dissolved oxygen（DO）（R=0.847, P<0.001）and negative correlations with chemical oxygen demand（COD）and NH₃-N（R=−0.823 and −0.856, P<0.001）．Ecological restoration experiments demonstrated that microbial agents achieved optimal results, with COD and NH₃-N removal rates reaching 73.5% and 68.2% within 30 days, and Shannon index increasing by 1.8．During restoration process, anaerobic bacteria proportion decreased from 68.7% to 28.3%, while aerobic bacteria increased from 15.3% to 54.7%, and nitrifying bacteria increased from 1.2% to 8.2%．These findings have indicated that microbial community structure imbalance is microbiological root cause of water quality deterioration in rural black-odorous water．Ecological restoration technology based on microbial community regulation can effectively reconstruct community structure and restore ecological functions, providing new technical approaches and theoretical support for comprehensive rural water environment management．

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