Abstract: Modern economic system construction is being comprehensively empowered by new quality productive forces, which has attracted widespread attention．And accelerating building up strength in agriculture is a major strategic deployment for China in the new era．In view of this, based on connotation of high-quality development in modern agriculture led by new quality productive forces, an evaluation index system for high-quality development in modern agriculture comprising 14 indicators has been established, focusing on five dimensions including green and ecological development, output quality and efficiency improvement, scientific and technological innovation driven growth, stable economic operation, and people's well-being enhancement．Based on panel data from 14 major agricultural provinces from 2014 to 2023, AHP-entropy weight combination method was employed to measure modern agricultural development quality level in Henan Province．Obstacle degree model was utilized to identify keyfactors restricting modern agriculture high-quality development in Henan Province．Subsequently, targeted improvement strategies and recommendations were proposed to provide a solid theoretical foundation for modern agriculture high-quality development in Henan Province．