Abstract: The linear engineering line is long and across the region，and geological and geomorphological conditions are complicated and diverse.There are many factors leading to soil erosion，and it is difficult to carry out soil and water conservation monitoring.Through monitoring practice of linear production and construction project in Shaanxi province，a scientific and reasonable theory of soil and water conservation monitoring was discussed.It could timely reflect soil erosion situation and prevention and control effect after implementation of soil and water conservation measures in each stage of monitoring project construction and operation，and provide a reliable basis for prediction of soil erosion and layout and management of prevention and control measures in production and construction projects.