Research Progress on Air Pollutant Emission and Control of Livestock Manure Compost
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摘要:
针对畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程中大气污染物的排放特性及其控制开展了国内外文献调研。畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程中会产生CH4、N2O、CO2等温室气体及NH3、H2S、VOCs等恶臭气体，其中CH4、N2O、NH3是堆肥过程排放的主要大气污染物。堆肥过程中大气污染物的排放主要受原料、堆肥方式、氧含量等影响。源头控制技术和末端控制技术可实现堆肥过程中大气污染物的有效减排。源头控制技术主要通过优化堆肥工艺、外加添加剂等实现污染物的源头减量；末端控制技术主要采用生物法、化学洗涤法、吸附法等去除废气污染物。在文献调研基础上，提出了“源头控制+末端治理”的堆肥大气污染物全过程控制技术路线。
Abstract:Domestic and foreign literature researches were carried out on emission characteristics and control of air pollutants in aerobic composting of livestock and poultry manure．In aerobic composting of livestock manure, greenhouse gases such as CH4, N2O, and CO2 and malodorous gases such as NH3, H2S, and VOCs are generated．Among them, CH4, N2O, and NH3 are main air pollutants emitted during composting process．The emission of air pollutants in composting process is mainly affected by raw materials, composting methods, and oxygen content．Source control technology and end exhaust gas control technology could achieve effective emission reduction of air pollutants in composting process．Source control technology mainly achieves source reduction of pollutants by optimizing composting process and adding additives．The end exhaust gas control technology mainly uses biological methods, chemical washing methods, adsorption methods, etc．to achieve an effective removal of gases pollutants．On the basis of literature research, the ＂source control + end treatment＂ composting air pollutant whole process control technology route was proposed．
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表 1 不同季节堆肥CH4排放情况
Table 1. CH4 emissions from compost in different seasons
堆肥
季节CH4排放速率最大值
的时间CH4排放速率最大值/
（mg·kg−1·h−1）CH4累计排放量/
（mg·kg−1）春季 第2天 1.19 63.39 夏季 第1天 0.31 14.96 秋季 第2天 0.25 11.69 冬季 第6天 0.01 0.82 
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表 2 堆肥过程中N2O排放情况
Table 2. N2O emissions during composting process
时段 N损失率
（N2O-N）/%N2O
排放量总排放量
（含CO2）总排放量
（不含CO2）1～7 d 0.11 3.47 39.67 5.14 8～14 d 0.09 2.89 36.78 4.10 15～21 d 0.13 4.06 33.76 6.07 22～31 d 0.21 6.70 49.27 8.44 总计 0.54 17.11 159.48 23.75 注：排放当量/（gCO2-eq·kg−1）
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表 3 夏冬季不同堆肥方式NH3排放情况
Table 3. NH3 emissions of different composting methods in summer and winter
堆肥方式 夏季 冬季 NH3排放
最大值时间NH3最大排放速率/
（g·m−2·h−1）NH3排放
最大值时间NH3最大排放速率/
（g·m−2·h−1）好氧堆肥 第17天 12.81 第15天 6.87 厌氧堆肥 第17天 15.30 第23天 9.78 自然堆放 第23天 21.07 第21天 12.61
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表 4 生物法除臭技术优缺点比较
Table 4. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of biological deodorization technology
生物法除臭技术 优点 缺点 生物洗
涤法运营费用低，可处理VOCs等高浓度污染物，表面积要求低 生长缓慢的微生物容易被利用，降低处理效率，有二次污染产生 生物过
滤法有效去除低浓度污染物，技术简单费用低，易于维护 无法去除H2S等酸性气体，需要较长的生物停留时间 生物滴
滤法占地较小，能够去除酸性气体，运行稳定，不易堵塞 运营维护相对复杂，有二次污染物产生
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表 5 恶臭气体常用处理方法及优缺点
Table 5. Common treatment methods and advantages and disadvantages of malodorous gas
方法 优点 缺点 生物法 适用范围广，成本低，运行方便，处理效率高 占地面积大，对难溶、难生物降解物质去除效率差 化学洗
涤法工艺简单、占地面积小，污染物去除效率高，能够有针对性处理某些恶臭组分 需消耗吸收液，且存在吸收尾液处理问题 光催化
氧化法处理效率高，运行稳定，占地面积小 工艺较复杂，废气需预处理，存在催化剂中毒、废催化剂处理问题 吸附法 工艺成熟，处理效率高，管理方便，负荷变化影响小 气体需要预处理，吸附剂需再生，使用成本高，存在废吸附剂处理问题
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