Effect of Low Temperature and Freezing Injury on Whole Growth Period of Sweet Waxy Corn in Wuzhai County of Shanxi Province and Defensive Measures
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摘要:
冻害是影响山西省五寨县甜糯玉米生长发育的主要气象灾害之一，防御冻害最为经济有效的措施是了解五寨县低温冻害特征，选择最佳播种和采收时间，规避冻害风险。利用五寨县65 年气温、10 cm地温、霜日等气象资料和近10 年的冻害资料，采用数理统计、概率统计、Excel分析等方法，分析研究了低温冻害对五寨县甜糯玉米全生育期的影响。研究表明，五寨县甜糯玉米生育期内，春季冻害危害风险较高，秋季冻害危害风险较低。甜糯玉米苗期至3叶期，冻害危害风险最高时段为4月25日—5月15日。甜糯玉米采收期，冻害危害风险最高时段为9月下旬。针对研究结果，提出相应的防御对策，旨在为科学合理种植甜糯玉米提供技术支撑。
Abstract:Freezing injury is one of main meteorological disasters affecting growth and development of Wuzhai sweet waxy corn．The most economical and effective measure to prevent freezing injury is to understand characteristics of Wuzhai low-temperature freezing injury, select the best sowing and harvesting time, and avoid risk of freezing injury．Based on meteorological data of 65 years temperature, 10 cm ground temperature and frost day in Wuzhai county and data of freezing injury in recent 10 years, effects of low temperature freezing injury on whole growth period of sweet waxy corn in Wuzhai county were analyzed and studied by using methods of mathematical statistics, probability statistics and excel analysis．Results showed that during growth period of sweet waxy corn in Wuzhai County, risk of freezing injury was higher in spring and lower in autumn．From seedling stage to three leaf stage of sweet waxy maize, period with the highest risk of freezing injury was from April 25 to May 15．In harvest period of sweet waxy corn, risk of freezing injury was the highest in late September．According to research results, corresponding defense countermeasures were put forward in order to provide technical support for scientific and rational planting of sweet and waxy corn．
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Keywords:
- sweet waxy corn /
- low temperature /
- freezing injury /
- defensive measures /
- Wuzhai County
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图 1 玉米低温冷害致灾因子危险性分布
Figure 1. Risk distribution of hazard factors for low temperature and chilling damage in maize
图 2 2010—2021年五寨县4月中旬至5月中旬年冻害变化趋势
Figure 2. Variation trend of annual freezing damage in Wuzhai County from mid-April to mid-May from 2010 to 2021
表 1 玉米苗期冻害等级标准
Table 1. Standard of freezing injury grades in corn seedling stage
冻害等级 温度/°C 症状 轻霜冻 −2.0～−1.0 叶尖或部分叶片受冻；受冻株率＜30%；减产幅度＜5% 中霜冻 −3.0～−2.0 植株上半部叶片大部分受冻且不能恢复，部分幼苗冻死；受冻株率30%～70%；作物减产幅度5%～15% 重霜冻 −4.0～−3.0 冠顶大部分叶片受冻死亡或幼苗大部分冻死；受冻株率＞70%；作物减产幅度＞15%或绝收 
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表 2 2010—2021年五寨县4月16日—5月15日冻害日数统计
Table 2. Statistical values of freezing injury days in Wuzhai County from April 16 to May 15 in 2010-2021
年份 4月16—20日 4月21—25日 4月26—30日 5月1—5日 5月6—10日 5月11—15日 2010 0 1 5 0 0 0 2011 2 2 1 3 0 0 2012 1 0 0 0 0 0 2013 2 1 0 0 0 0 2014 0 0 1 2 0 0 2015 2 0 0 1 0 0 2016 1 0 0 1 0 0 2017 3 3 2 0 0 0 2018 1 0 0 0 0 0 2019 0 0 0 1 0 1 2020 5 4 1 0 0 0 2021 3 0 2 0 0 0 合计 20 11 12 8 0 1 概率/% 33.3 18.3 20.0 13.3 0 1.7
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表 3 2010—2021年五寨县9月下旬至10月上旬冻害日数统计
Table 3. Statistical values of freezing injury days in Wuzhai County from late September to early October from 2010 to 2021
年份 9月21—25日 9月26—30日 10月1—5日 10月6—10日 轻度 中度 重度 轻度 中度 重度 轻度 中度 重度 轻度 中度 重度 2010 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2012 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2013 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2016 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2017 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2018 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 2019 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2020 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 2021 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 合计 0 2 1 2 2 3 5 1 5 3 2 9 概率/% 0 3.3 1.7 3.3 3.3 5.0 8.3 1.7 8.3 5.0 3.3 15.0
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