Modular Design of Ecological Landscape of Affiliated Agricultural Land Based on Ecosystem Services
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摘要:
农用地为人类提供的多元功能很大程度上取决于农用地的生态系统服务功能，对农业生态景观进行科学合理设计是提升农用地生态系统服务的有效途径之一。但是，占据一定面积的附属农用地在现有的农用地生态景观设计中常被忽略。为了有效发挥附属农用地的生态景观效应，增加农用地物种丰富度和相关生态系统服务，以生态系统服务作为切入点，对田坎、田间道路、沟渠和护坡等附属农用地的生态景观设计进行研究，重点研究附属农用地生态景观的模块化设计方法。研究结果提出了5大类10种景观设计模块，并对其生态和景观效应、适用场地和组合应用进行了分析。该设计方法可以在满足农业生产辅助功能的基础上，构建能够提升生物多样性水平，改善农用地生态系统服务价值，同时又能体现地域性特色的农业土地景观。
Abstract:Multiple benefits from agricultural land largely depend on their ecosystem services． Scientific and suitable design of ecological landscape on agricultural land is an efficient approach to improve supply of ecosystem services． However, affiliated agricultural land which occupied a certain area is always ignored in current ecological landscape design． To improve ecological and landscape benefits of affiliated agricultural land, and increase species richness and related ecosystem services, a new modular design was developed based on ecosystem services for affiliated agricultural land, as ridge, field track, canal and revetment． Results developed five groups, involving ten landscape modules for agricultural ecological landscape, and their ecological and landscape benefits, applicable places and combined application were analyzed． Besides meeting basic affiliated function for supporting agricultural production, this ecological modular design aimed to increase biodiversity level, improve ecosystem services, and embody local agricultural landscape with strong reginal characteristic．
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图 1 附属农用地类型及相对位置
1. 田块边缘 2. 田间道路 3. 沟渠 4. 护坡
Figure 1. Type and location of affiliated agricultural land
图 7 生态模块在附属农用地中的应用
a. 生态田坎模块 b. 田间林地模块 c. 生态护坡模块d. 生态沟渠模块 e. 生物通道模块
Figure 7. Application of ecological modules on affiliated agricultural lands
表 1 附属农用地潜在生态系统服务
Table 1. Potential ecosystem services of affiliated agricultural land
类型 利用现状 潜在生态系统服务 具体功能 田坎 大多用于分隔田块和通行，偶见种植少量蔬菜和豆类 支持；供给；调节 提供农产品；栖息地；传粉 田间道路 通行，晾晒 支持；供给；调节；文化 栖息地和生物通道；果实和药材；气候调节；地域性景观 沟渠 农田灌溉 支持；供给；调节；文化 灌溉；水生生境；污染净化；地域性景观 护坡 无利用荒地 支持；调节；文化 栖息地；水土保持；污染净化；气候调节；地域性景观 
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表 2 附属农用地生态系统服务提升目标
Table 2. Improvement targets of ecosystem services across ecological modules of affiliated agricultural land
类别 模块 供给
服务支持
服务调节
服务文化
服务田坎 生产田坎模块 √ √ √ × 屏障田坎模块 √ × √ × 小气候调节田坎模块 √ √ √ × 污染净化田坎模块 × × √ × 田间道路 乡土道路模块 √ √ √ √ 生物廊道模块 × √ × × 沟渠 生态沟渠模块 √ √ √ √ 护坡 生态护坡模块 √ √ √ √ 防护林模块 × √ √ × 田间林地 田间林地模块 × √ √ √
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