Techniques and Equipments of Whole-process Mechanization for Ginseng Planting
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摘要:
人参是吉林省特色的地方经济作物，但人参规模化、规范化种植缺少适用设备，国内现有人参机械化种植设备存在技术水平低、作业效率低、用工量大及劳动强度高等问题。以耕、播、栽、收全过程作业环节为具体研究对象，借鉴韩国在高丽参种植设备上的成熟开发经验，结合我国人参种植实际农艺，采取自主研发和吸收引进先进技术相结合，研制了一套针对性较强的适宜我国国情的轻简高效人参种植全程机械化系列设备。详细介绍了设备的主要技术特点，并与国内外同类设备进行了对比分析。
Abstract:Ginseng is a local cash crop with characteristics of Jilin Province, but large-scale and standardized planting of ginseng lacks suitable equipment．Existing mechanized planting equipment of ginseng in China has problems such as low technical level, low operating efficiency, large labor consumption and high labor intensity．Taking whole-process of cultivation, sowing, planting, and harvesting as specific research object, drawing on mature development experience of South Korea in ginseng planting equipment, and combining with actual agronomy of ginseng planting in China, a set of highly targeted and efficient mechanization series equipment suitable for China's national conditions has been developed by combining independent research and development with absorption of advanced technologies．Main technical characteristics of equipment were introduced in detail and compared with similar equipment at home and abroad．
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Keywords:
- Ginseng /
- planting machinery /
- whole-process mechanization /
- series equipment /
- standardization
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图 3 非直线与垂直型传动箱
1. 左输出轴组合 2. 齿轮轴组合 3. 中间轴组合 4. 拨叉轴组合 5. 输入轴组合 6. 右输出轴组合
Figure 3. Non linear and vertical transmission box
图 4 全自动人参精密播种机
1. 全自动驱动控制系统 2. 可调式气力控件 3. 单轴多点凸轮导轨控制 4. 振动式种箱
Figure 4. Fully automatic ginseng precision seeder
图 5 针吸式播种机构
1. 导杆 2. 上吸针 3. 风室管 4. 吸风管接头 5. 风室管堵头板 6. 下吸针
Figure 5. Needle aspiration seeding mechanism
图 6 人参苗移栽挖坑机
1. 常用人力移动小型设备上的施力把手 2. 闭环条形角度挖坑机构 3. 电磁离合控制技术
Figure 6. Ginseng seedling transplanting and digging machine
图 7 作业与行走间歇交替的移栽机动力输出机构
Figure 7. Transplanting power output mechanism with intermittent alternation between operation and walking
图 11 宽幅大挖深低阻碍挖掘铲
1. 铲尖 2. 铲板
Figure 11. Wide and deep excavation shovel with low obstruction
表 1 人参种植全程机械化系列设备
Table 1. Ginseng planting mechanization equipment
设备名称 结构特点 手扶式畦床步道机 非直线与垂直型传动箱设计、多功能弯犁刀、棱角式机罩 气吸式人参精密播种机 针吸式播种机构、可调式气力控件、单轴多点凸轮导轨控制、振动式种箱、全自动驱动控制系统 人参苗移栽挖坑机 作业与行走间歇交替的移栽机动力输出机构、闭环条形角度挖坑机构、电磁离合控制技术、常用人力移动的小型
设备上的施力把手人参移栽机 光电传感控制、圆盘波纹刀开沟机构、弹簧驱动柔性可调夹持机构 悬挂式人参收获机 宽幅大挖深的低阻碍挖掘铲、低损输送网链、高频低幅振动技术 
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表 2 国内外同类机具对比
Table 2. Domestic and foreign similar equipment comparison
农艺 国家 代表机型 作业效率 自动化程度及种植农艺 价格 步道 韩国 DRB系列筑床机 25.2 m/min 可同时调节种植床和步道沟的宽度和高度（深度），通过液压摊平装置使筑床表面坚固、平整光滑 7.5万元 中国 梅河牌人参做床机 23 m/min 可调式曲线形步道犁铧，可调节床帮斜度，也可以压实成型避免成型床帮坍塌 5.5万元 本项目成果 30 m/min 机型小，适宜零散小地块、坡度较大的山区作业，一次完成步道挖掘、畦床成型、畦床覆土等多种作业功能 2.6万元 播种 韩国 SM03-3型播种机 150～300 m2/h 自动化程度较高，电机驱动，株距、行距均可进行调整 5万元 美国、加拿大 S870型精密播种机 300～400 m2/h 自动化程度高，拖拉机牵引，只能进行平播，播种的株距、行距与国内农艺不符 30万元 中国 人工点播、撒播 30～50 m2/h 株距、行距由人工掌握，不稳定 140元/d 半自动播种机 60～150 m2/h 株距、行距固定距离 1.5万元 本项目成果 200～450 m2/h 自动化程度较高，电机驱动，株距、行距均可进行调整 3.2万元 移栽 韩国 SM-205B型移栽机 3.5 m/min 自动化程度较高，汽油机驱动，株距、行距固定 4.6万元 美国、加拿大 1265型吊篮移栽机 8～10 m/min 自动化程度高，拖拉机牵引，栽植株距、行距固定，与国内农艺不符 26万元 中国 人工刮板移栽 0.5 m/min 株距固定、行距由人工掌握，不稳定 140元/d 2ZR型移栽机 1.8 m/min 株距、行距固定距离，易损伤参苗 1.5万元 本项目成果 3.3 m/min 自动化程度较高，汽油机驱动，电机驱动，株距、行距均可进行调整 3.1万元 收获 韩国 DR-1600S型收获机 30 m/min 拖拉机牵引，收获效果好，可靠性强 6万元 中国 人工挖掘、捡拾 0.6 m/min 有挖断和漏挖、漏收情况 140元/d 薯类挖掘机 20 m/min 有漏挖、漏捡情况，经常堵塞 4万元 本项目成果 32 m/min 拖拉机牵引，收获效果较好，可靠性强 4.6万元
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表 3 典型示范推广情况
Table 3. Typical demonstration promotion
设备名称 用户或媒体评价 手扶式畦床步道机 1台畦床步道机相当于20个人工，而且作业质量高 气吸式人参精密播种机 与人工点播、撒播方式相比，效率提高5倍以上，种子用量降低30%以上，作业成本节约40%，显著提高种子埋深一致性和出苗整齐度 人参苗移栽挖坑机 人工需1 d的工作量，用本机1 h就可完成，节约费用1 500多元/hm2，是人工效率的4.3倍以上 人参移栽机 自动化程度，作业效率更高，是人工的7倍以上 悬挂式人参收获机 与其他类型的收获机械相比，具有收获质量高、作业效率高、漏摘率和破损率低的优点，节约费用0.94万元/hm2，效率提高3倍以上
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