Effect of Leaf Area Index on Yield of Spring Wheat in Dryland under Coupled Change of Supplementary Irrigation and Straw Mulching Amount
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摘要:
免耕覆盖中补灌量和秸秆覆盖量耦合变化下春小麦叶面积指数对产量有较大影响。以甘肃省定西市安定区1979—2019年历史气象数据为基础，运用APSIM模型对补灌量与覆盖量耦合变化下旱地春小麦的叶面积指数、产量及其构成因素进行模拟，并采用DPS软件进行分析，研究补灌量和覆盖量耦合下旱地春小麦叶面积指数对产量的影响机制。结果表明，在试验设计范围内，不同春小麦叶面积指数对春小麦千粒质量的影响效应在开花−灌浆期为向上的二次抛物线变化；其他时期，不同春小麦叶面积指数对春小麦产量和千粒质量的影响效应为向下的二次抛物线变化，不同春小麦叶面积指数对春小麦籽粒数的影响效应为向上的二次抛物线变化。试验设计范围内，各个时期春小麦千粒质量均未出现阈值，分蘖−拔节期，春小麦产量未出现阈值，春小麦籽粒数出现阈值，春小麦叶面积指数为1.72时春小麦籽粒数出现最小值为8716.59粒/m2；其他时期，春小麦产量和籽粒数出现阈值，在春小麦叶面积指数为0.94、2.31、1.67、1.18、1.24和0.79时春小麦产量出现最大值为3818.71、3827.06、3851.4、3904.35、3819.03和3853.72 kg/hm2。春小麦叶面积指数为0.77、2.01、1.44、1.07、1.00和0.70时春小麦籽粒数出现最小值为9579.34、8745.26、9638.01、9050.71、8554.04和9038.38粒/m2。春小麦叶面积指数对产量和千粒质量呈正效应，对籽粒数呈负效应。合理调节春小麦叶面积指数，可以促进透光性速率的提高、光合产物的产生，对春小麦产量的提高具有积极意义。
Abstract:Leaf area index of spring wheat had a great effect on yield under coupling change of supplemental irrigation amount and straw mulching amount in no-tillage mulching．Based on historical meteorological data from 1979 to 2019 in Anding District, Dingxi City, Gansu Province, the APSIM model was used to simulate leaf area index, yield and its component factors of dryland spring wheat under coupling change of supplemental irrigation amount and straw mulching amount, and DPS software was used for analysis and experiment．To study effect mechanism of leaf area index on yield of dryland spring wheat under coupling change of supplemental irrigation amount and straw mulching amount．Results showed that in experimental design range, effect of different leaf area index on thousand grain weight of spring wheat changed in an upward quadratic parabola during period of flowering and grain filling．In other periods, effects of different spring wheat leaf area index on spring wheat yield and grain weight showed downward quadratic parabola changes, while effects of different spring wheat leaf area index on spring wheat grain number showed upward quadratic parabola changes．In experimental range, there was no threshold for thousand grain weight of spring wheat in each period, and there was no threshold for grain number of spring wheat in tiller-jointing stage．The minimum value of grain number of spring wheat was 8716.59 grain/m2 when leaf area index of spring wheat was 1.72．When leaf area index of spring wheat was 0.94, 2.31, 1.67, 1.18, 1.24, 0.79, the maximum yield of spring wheat was 3818.71, 3827.06, 3851.41, 3904.35, 3819.03, 3853.72 kg/hm2．When leaf area index of spring wheat was 0.77, 2.01, 1.44, 1.07, 1.00, 0.70, the minimum grain number of spring wheat was 9579.34, 8745.26, 9638.01, 9050.71, 8554.04, 9038.38 grain/m2．Leaf area index of spring wheat had positive effect on yield and grain weight, but negative effect on grain number．Reasonable adjustment of leaf area index of spring wheat could promote increase of light transmittance rate and production of photosynthate, which has positive significance for increase of spring wheat yield．
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Keywords:
- dryland spring wheat /
- leaf area index /
- production /
- grain number /
- thousand-grain weight
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图 1 不同时期春小麦叶面积指数对春小麦产量的影响
Figure 1. Effect of spring wheat leaf area index in different periods on yield of spring wheat
图 2 不同时期春小麦叶面积指数对春小麦籽粒数的影响
Figure 2. Effect of leaf area index in different periods on grain number of spring wheat
图 3 不同时期春小麦叶面积指数对春小麦千粒质量的影响
Figure 3. Effect of leaf area index in different periods on thousand grain quality of spring wheat
图 4 不同春小麦叶面积指数对春小麦产量及其构成因素的影响（出苗-分蘖）
Figure 4. Effects of different spring wheat leaf area indexes on spring wheat yield and its components （seedling- tillering）
图 5 不同春小麦叶面积指数对春小麦产量及其构成因素的影响（分蘖-拔节）
Figure 5. Effects of different spring wheat leaf area indexes on spring wheat yield and its components （tillering -jointing）
图 6 不同春小麦叶面积指数对春小麦产量及其构成因素的影响（拔节-孕穗）
Figure 6. Effects of different spring wheat leaf area indexes on spring wheat yield and its components （jointing- booting）
图 7 不同春小麦叶面积指数对春小麦产量及其构成因素的影响（孕穗-抽穗）
Figure 7. Effects of different spring wheat leaf area indexes on spring wheat yield and its components （booting- heading）
图 8 不同春小麦叶面积指数对春小麦产量及其构成因素的影响（抽穗-开花）
Figure 8. Effects of different spring wheat leaf area indexes on spring wheat yield and its components （heading- flowering）
图 9 不同春小麦叶面积指数对春小麦产量及其构成因素的影响（开花-灌浆）
Figure 9. Effects of different spring wheat leaf area indexes on spring wheat yield and its components （flowering- grouting）
图 10 不同春小麦叶面积指数对春小麦产量及其构成因素的影响（灌浆-成熟）
Figure 10. Effects of different spring wheat leaf area indexes on spring wheat yield and its components （grouting- mature）
表 1 补灌量和秸秆覆盖量模拟试验设计
Table 1. Simulation experiment design of supplemental irrigation amount and straw mulching amount
补灌量 秸秆覆盖量 变化比例 编码 实际值/mm 变化比例 编码 实际值/（kg·hm−2） 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0.167 50 1000 0.2 1000 100 0.334 100 2000 0.4 2000 150 0.500 150 3000 0.6 3000 200 0.667 200 4000 0.8 4000 250 0.834 250 5000 1.0 5000 300 1.000 300 
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表 2 田间试验结果
Table 2. Field test results
年份 出苗−分蘖 分蘖−拔节 拔节−孕穗 孕穗−抽穗 抽穗−开花 开花−灌浆 灌浆−成熟 产量/（kg·hm−2） 籽粒数/（粒·m−2） 千粒质量/g 2017 0.42 0.48 0.57 0.65 1.01 0.78 0.56 1701.46 6648.39 34.54 2018 0.39 0.43 0.53 0.82 1.21 1.01 0.81 2183.52 6089.72 34.96 2019 0.47 0.58 0.68 0.97 1.83 1.27 0.90 2934.83 8366.32 35.29
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表 3 春小麦叶面积指数（出苗-分蘖）
Table 3. Leaf area index of spring wheat （seedling-tillering）
补灌量/mm 秸秆覆盖量/（kg·hm−2） 0 1000 2 000 3000 4000 5000 0 0.57 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.58 50 0.59 0.60 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.59 100 0.67 0.68 0.7 0.67 0.67 0.66 150 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72 200 0.79 0.8 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 250 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 300 0.95 0.97 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95
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表 4 春小麦叶面积指数（分蘖-拔节）
Table 4. Leaf area index of spring wheat （tillering-jointing）
补灌量/mm 秸秆覆盖量/（kg·hm−2） 0 1000 2 000 3000 4000 5000 0 1.25 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.38 50 1.42 1.45 1.48 1.5 1.51 1.52 100 1.52 1.55 1.57 1.59 1.60 1.63 150 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.79 1.81 1.82 200 1.82 1.85 1.87 1.88 1.90 1.92 250 1.95 1.96 1.99 2.05 2.07 2.10 300 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.78 1.78 1.79
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表 5 春小麦叶面积指数（拔节-孕穗）
Table 5. Leaf area index of spring wheat （jointing-booting）
补灌量/mm 秸秆覆盖量/（kg·hm−2） 0 1000 2 000 3000 4000 5000 0 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.59 50 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.63 1.65 100 1.75 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.77 1.79 150 1.83 1.84 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 200 2.02 2.05 2.06 2.06 2.07 2.09 250 2.21 2.23 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.28 300 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48
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表 6 春小麦叶面积指数（孕穗-抽穗）
Table 6. Leaf area index of spring wheat （booting-heading）
补灌量/mm 秸秆覆盖量/（kg·hm−2） 0 1000 2 000 3000 4000 5000 0 1.10 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.23 50 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.20 100 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.28 1.30 150 1.33 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.39 200 1.45 1.48 1.49 1.49 1.50 1.52 250 1.60 1.61 1.61 1.63 1.63 1.65 300 1.78 1.79 1.8 1.80 1.81 1.82
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表 7 春小麦叶面积指数（抽穗-开花）
Table 7. Leaf area index of spring wheat （heading-flowering）
补灌量/mm 秸秆覆盖量/（kg·hm−2） 0 1000 2 000 3000 4000 5000 0 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.91 50 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.92 100 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 150 0.96 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.99 1.00 200 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 250 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.29 300 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.30
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表 8 春小麦叶面积指数（开花-灌浆）
Table 8. Leaf area index of spring wheat （flowering-grouting）
补灌量/mm 秸秆覆盖量/（kg·hm−2） 0 1000 2 000 3000 4000 5000 0 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.75 50 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.85 100 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.91 150 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 200 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.07 250 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 300 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.26
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表 9 春小麦叶面积指数（灌浆-成熟）
Table 9. Leaf area index of spring wheat （grouting-mature）
补灌量/mm 秸秆覆盖量/（kg·hm−2） 0 1000 2 000 3000 4000 5000 0 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 50 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60 100 0.57 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.62 150 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.67 200 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 250 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.77 0.78 300 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.87
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表 10 春小麦籽粒数
Table 10. Grain number of spring wheat
单位：粒/m2 灌溉量/mm 秸秆覆盖量/（kg·hm−2） 0 1000 2 000 3000 4000 5000 0 6016.36 6058.74 6027.78 6097.29 6153.84 6835.78 50 6363.84 6410.23 6412.42 6458.58 6752.05 8635.62 100 6921.94 6923.34 7018.52 8402.43 9038.64 9498.52 150 8376.55 9074.82 9338.54 9768.62 10000.17 10110.14 200 9931.46 9968.69 10031.68 10073.10 10182.26 10307.94 250 10208.45 10233.58 10265.64 10303.55 10357.00 10379.09 300 10403.78 10444.43 10453.26 10448.65 10453.84 10460.88
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表 11 春小麦千粒质量
Table 11. Thousand grain quality of spring wheat
单位：g 补灌量/mm 秸秆覆盖量/（kg·hm−2） 0 1000 2 000 3000 4000 5000 0 34.954 34.930 34.883 34.797 34.676 34.634 50 35.161 35.169 35.172 35.171 35.199 35.264 100 35.166 35.305 35.425 35.433 35.449 35.563 150 35.306 35.392 35.451 35.462 35.488 35.633 200 35.521 35.645 35.776 35.812 35.855 35.723 250 35.649 35.785 35.808 35.978 36.103 36.171 300 35.847 36.002 36.031 36.102 36.488 36.533
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表 12 春小麦产量
Table 12. Yield of spring wheat
单位：kg/hm2 补灌量/mm 秸秆覆盖量/（kg·hm−2） 0 1000 2 000 3000 4000 5000 0 2147.36 2158.57 2170.65 2185.64 2198.66 2344.35 50 2304.27 2311.33 2323.17 2335.28 2563.19 3115.43 100 2453.35 2492.65 2531.72 3108.98 3243.87 3397.88 150 2989.84 3257.75 3386.33 3488.75 3599.66 3655.99 200 3507.52 3582.24 3655.68 3669.01 3701.42 3760.32 250 3695.83 3714.68 3729.56 3749.22 3768.60 3775.06 300 3758.58 3792.03 3798.28 3800.65 3801.96 3803.57
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表 13 不同时期叶面积指数（X1）对春小麦产量的方程
Table 13. Equation of leaf area index （X1） in different periods on yield of spring wheat
不同时期 叶面积指数（X1）对春小麦产量的方程 田间试验 模拟试验 出苗−分蘖 Y=91857.40−428521.34X1+509200.83X12 Y= −7185.80+23512.09X1−12558.69X12 分蘖−拔节 Y=36566.70−142955.59X1+146499.33X12 Y= −7718.49+10568.96X1−2401.50X12 拔节−孕穗 Y=55424.42−182653.83X1+155093.03X12 Y= −11268.21+13091.73X1−2838.52X12 孕穗−抽穗 Y=3477.84−7146.97X1+6790.89X12 Y= −12380.22+19391.21X1−5791.42X12 抽穗−开花 Y=−2519.16+5655.05X1−1461.60X12 Y=−17634.65+36414.76X1−15390.99X12 开花−灌浆 Y=1342.79−803.67X1+1619.88X12 Y=−6272.88+16291.39X1−6574.80X12 灌浆−成熟 Y=9186.21−23939.17X1+18881.32X12 Y=−12359.30+40789.75X1−25654.35X12
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表 14 不同时期叶面积指数（X1）对春小麦籽粒数的方程
Table 14. Equation of leaf area index （X1） in different periods on grain number of spring wheat
不同时期 叶面积指数（X1）对春小麦籽粒数的方程 田间试验 模拟试验 出苗−分蘖 Y=31047.02−140707.37X1+196703.33X12 Y= 25955.81−42563.19X1+27655.91X12 分蘖−拔节 Y=9549.28−25262.39X1+40039.33X12 Y= 85418.56−89412.33X1+26057.07X12 拔节−孕穗 Y=2012.04+1860.92X1+11005.30X12 Y= 60080.75−51039.65X1+12686.37X12 孕穗−抽穗 Y=39537.96−88103.58X1+57698.84X12 Y= 26692.42−23645.03X1+8195.62X12 抽穗−开花 Y=19105.31−20296.93X1+7884.49X12 Y= 49397.99−75134.78X1+34978.54X12 开花−灌浆 Y=26525.99−43289.05X1+22826.84X12 Y= 59868.48−103019.92X1+51705.48X12 灌浆−成熟 Y=44628.38−113165.34X1+80971.28X12 Y= 52402.79−124573.33X1+89463.10X12
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表 15 不同时期叶面积指数（X1）对春小麦千粒质量的方程
Table 15. Equation of leaf area index （X1） in different periods on thousand grain weight of spring wheat
不同时期 叶面积指数（X1）对春小麦千粒质量的方程 田间试验 模拟试验 出苗−分蘖 Y=99.80−307.63X1+362.50X12 Y= 31.66+7.19X1−2.64X12 分蘖−拔节 Y=60.45−104.86X1+106.00X12 Y= 29.22+5.97X1−1.31X12 拔节−孕穗 Y=75.40−137.50X1+115.45X12 Y=30.91+3.43X1−0.53X12 孕穗−抽穗 Y=32.48+3.71X1−0.85X12 Y= 31.49+3.88X1−0.70X12 抽穗−开花 Y=30.08+6.34X1−1.91X12 Y= 30.44+7.33X1−2.28X12 开花−灌浆 Y=32.22+3.86X1−1.14X12 Y= 33.46+1.75X1+0.38X12 灌浆−成熟 Y=36.25−6.33X1+5.84X12 Y= 31.75+7.28X1−2.37X12
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