Design and Test of Crawler Deep Tillage Machine for Mountain Tobacco Field with Center of Gravity Balance
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摘要:
丘陵山区烟田普遍使用微耕机进行耕地作业，长期浅耕作业使烟田土壤耕层变浅、土壤板结、犁底层变厚，严重影响烟叶生产质量。针对垄作模式下丘陵山区烟田的特点，设计了一种重心平衡履带式山地烟田深耕机，主要由行走装置、动力系统、旋耕装置及重心平衡机构等组成，设计了关键结构，对旋耕装置旋耕过程进行了运动学分析，确定了整机行走速度和旋耕刀转速。采用“回”字型耕地法，设计一种垄上作业重心平衡机构，运用离散元的方法对深耕机垄上作业进行了分析。垄作烟田耕地试验结果表明，深耕机作业性能较好，耕后土地较平整，整机平均耕深合格率95.4%、平均碎土率91.9%，满足烟草种植的整地要求，验证了履带式烟田深耕机理论分析与设计的准确性及合理性。研究结果可为丘陵山区烟田深耕机的研究提供参考。
Abstract:Micro-cultivator is widely used in hilly and mountainous tobacco fields for cultivated land operation．Long-term shallow tillage makes soil plough layer shallow, soil harden and plough bottom thicken, which seriously affects yield and quality of tobacco leaves．According to characteristics of hilly and mountainous tobacco fields under ridge planting mode, a center of gravity balance crawler type deep tillage machine for mountainous tobacco fields was designed, which was mainly composed of walking device, power system, rotary tillage device and center of gravity balance mechanism．Structure and working principle of each device were expounded．Key structure was designed, and kinematics analysis of rotary tillage process of rotary tillage device was carried out to determine walking speed of whole machine and rotation speed of rotary blade．' Hui ' -shaped cultivated land method was adopted, and a center of gravity balance mechanism for ridge operation was proposed for this method．Discrete element method was used to analyze ridge operation of deep cultivator．Cultivated land test was carried out in ridge tillage tobacco field．Results showed that deep tillage machine had good operation performance, and land was flat after tillage．Average tillage depth qualification rate of whole machine was 95.4 %, and average soil crushing rate was 91.9 %, which met requirements of tobacco planting．Accuracy and rationality of theoretical analysis and design of crawler deep tillage machine in tobacco field were verified．Research results could provide reference for research of deep plowing machine in hilly and mountainous tobacco fields．
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图 1 丘陵山区垄作烟田模型
1. 垄面 2. 垄沟 3. 烟秆A、B、C、D为烟田4个点，其中A为深耕机作业起点
Figure 1. Ridge tobacco field model in hilly and mountain area
图 2 履带式山地烟田深耕机
1. 机架 2. 发电机 3. 变速箱 4. 施肥机构 5. 挡土板 6. 旋耕装置 7. 减速器 8. 齿轮箱 9. 液压升降装置 10. 行走装置11.重心平衡机构 12.电池
Figure 2. Crawler type mountain tobacco field deep plowing machine
图 3 旋耕装置结构
1. 刀辊 2. 减速器 3. II T245型耕刀 4. 刀座
Figure 3. Structure of rotary tillage device
图 5 深耕机作业稳定性分析
1. 整机 2. 重心平衡机构
Figure 5. Stability analysis of deep tillage machine operation
表 1 深耕机技术参数
Table 1. Technical parameter of deep cultivator
项目 参数 整机尺寸（长×宽×高）/mm 2800×800×1400 整机质量/kg 562 驱动功率/kW 13.6 作业速度/（m·s−1） 0.5～1.5 旋耕深度/cm 0～22 
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表 2 材料性能参数与接触参数
Table 2. Material performance parameters and contact parameters
参数名称 数值 土壤密度/（g·cm−3） 1.65 土壤泊松比 0.40 土壤剪切量/Pa 2.8×107 土壤−土壤恢复系数 0.20 土壤−土壤静摩擦系数 0.67 土壤−土壤动摩擦系数 0.03 65Mn密度/（g·cm−3） 7.80 65Mn泊松比 0.30 65Mn剪切量/Pa 7×107 土壤−65Mn恢复系数 0.20 土壤−65Mn静摩擦系数 0.75 土壤−65Mn动摩擦系数 0.10
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表 3 旋耕试验结果
Table 3. Rotary tillage test results
组号 合格数 总测点 ≥4 cm土块
质量/kg总质量/
kg耕深合格
率/%碎土
率/%1 31 32 7.1 96.7 96.9 92.8 2 30 32 8.5 95.4 93.8 91.1 3 30 32 7.6 97.8 93.8 92.2 4 31 32 8.2 94.2 96.9 91.3
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