JB/T 5688.1—2007“Technical Condition for Peanut Sheller”and JB/T 5688.2—2007“Test Method for Peanut Sheller”are technical standards guiding production and identification of peanut sheller． Basic information, latest development of model and change in actual production demand of domestic peanut sheller industry were introduced after implementation of these two standards． Noise value of mainstream models in market was measured． Electricity consumption per ton of peanut was measured by machine performance test． To improve technical level of peanut sheller and meet change of market demand, revision suggestions for standard were put forward from relevant definitions, noise limit indicators, power consumption indicators per ton of peanut and noise measurement methods etc combining with product development．

Intelligent agricultural machinery is a high-tech product that integrates computer technology, electronic control technology, artificial intelligent technology and other technologies, and is an important productivity factor for development of smart agriculture．Promoting intellectualization of agricultural machinery and equipment is an important breakthrough in iterative upgrading of agricultural production modernization, which has a strong practical need．Key common technologies of intelligent agricultural machinery were sorted out, situation and development trend of intelligent agricultural machinery in our country was analyzed, and suggestions for promoting development of intelligent agricultural equipment were put forward．

Aiming at application problems of traditional rigid manipulator in fruit and vegetable picking process, such as too many driving motors and inconvenient air source to carry, an automatic fruit and vegetable picking executive device was designed, which was composed of three parts: driving module, fixed and switching module and grabbing module．Through combination of rotating motor of driving module and switching structure, switching between two modes of overall rotation of grasping module around rotating shaft and self-body rotation of grasping module was realized, and posture adjustment of execution device was completed．At the same time, linkage opening and closing of grasping claw was controlled by telescopic motor, which replaced traditional pneumatic clamping claw and realizes object grasping．

According to quantitative application mode of existing farmland spraying machine in China, a set of variable application system based on fuzzy PI control was designed．The system used multi-sensors to collect parameters such as speed, flow rate and pressure of sprayer in real time, and took this as control basis, liquid flow in pipeline was adjusted in real time by changing opening of proportional valve, and controled opening and closing of several groups of nozzles at the same time．The system adopted flow regulation scheme of main road, and five groups of switching solenoid valves control multiple groups of sprinklers．The flow control test and field spraying test of sprayer nozzle were carried out．Results showed that flow error of a single sprinkler was less than 2.5%, fuzzy PI control was better than traditional PI control, and field spray error was less than 2.2%．

Development status of main conservation tillage agricultural machinery operation monitoring technologies such as straw coverage, no-tillage precision seeding parameters, and machine working area were summarized, and typical conservation tillage monitoring equipment was also analyzed．On this basis, combined with development requirements and application scenarios of conservation tillage, main problems faced by conservation tillage agricultural machinery operation monitoring technology were summarized, and development of productized, serialized and standardized conservation tillage agricultural machinery operation monitoring equipment that took into account different needs was proposed．To provide a reference for solving important bottleneck restricting development of conservation tillage, prospects and suggestions were put forward．

Change in nutrient composition in soil is related to quality of agricultural production．Nutrient information such as water, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is the key to soil fertility．Therefore, obtaining farmland soil composition information is of great significance to farmland management．Traditional soil testing methods are cumbersome, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and inefficient, making it difficult to meet needs of modern agricultural development．With continuous development and maturity of remote sensing technology, agricultural drones based on low-altitude scales and satellite platforms based on high-altitude scales have made up for vacancies and deficiencies of ground monitoring scales．The field of lossless, real-time acquisition shows great potential．Characteristics of multi-spectral technology were introduced, general steps of remote sensing multi-spectral imaging technology to detect soil components were summarized, focusing on research progress of multi-spectral technology in detection of soil organic matter, moisture, salinity, etc．Main methods involved in soil composition were finally considered and prospected in analysis of soil composition by agricultural remote sensing multi-spectral imaging．

Based on preprocessing of Sentinel-2 satellite remote sensing images, main information of wheat was extracted by principal component changes, and then a spectral remote sensing image classification method based on cloud model was applied．When classifying, firstly, according to training sample set, cloud model of typical wheat was generated by reverse cloud generator, and then cloud generator was used to calculate average membership degree of each pixel in each band to wheat ground features．On basis of analysis, the first principal component containing complex information was discarded, and the second and third principal component information was used to extract spatial information of winter wheat planting．Results showed that mapping accuracy and user accuracy of extracting wheat planting information were 92.78% and 99.90%, respectively．Membership value of wheat planting fields had great differences due to difference of wheat growth and density．Cloud model of poor growth and density, which resulted in low wheat pixels, had phenomenon of missing points．In general, algorithm based on cloud model was highly accurate, and there were few misclassifications and omissions in identification of wheat field．Algorithm would play an important supporting role in agricultural sector for winter wheat growth monitoring and yield estimation．

CO₂ concentration in industrial flue gas is low and contains different pollutants, so it is uncertain whether it can be directly used as gas fertilizer．In order to study feasibility of directly using CO₂ form industrial flue gas for gas fertilizer agriculture, flue gas characteristics, CO₂ composition and its pollutants on agricultural production were analyzed．Based on CFD numerical simulation technology, diffusion and distribution characteristics of CO₂ were simulated and analyzed．Results showed that high concentration of CO₂ from power, steel, cement or other industrial flue gases could be used for promoting plant growth．Different pollutant components in industrial flue gas may affect ambient air quality in greenhouses, so it only can be used for carbon-rich agriculture after reasonable evaluation or suitable measures were taken．Based on characteristics of flue gas emitted from coal-fired power plants, when CO₂ absorption rate was 5×10⁻⁸ m³/s and flue gas was diluted by 100 times, moreover, control inlet concentration of SO₂, NO₂, Hg, HF, PM to 15 mg/m³, 8 mg/m³, 5 μg /m³, 0.2 mg/m³ and 7.5 mg/m³, environmental air quality could be controlled to meet A-level standard of GB 3095—2012．At this point, concentration of CO₂ also met concentration requirements of plant growth．Different CO₂ inlet has a great influence on CO₂ concentration in greenhouse, and scheme of placing points on both sides and in the middle at the same time could get a uniformity requirement of CO₂ concentration in greenhouse．Results also showed that directly using from industrial flue gas to carbon-rich agriculture was feasible, but in practical application process, CO₂ concentration in flue gas, absorption rate, CO₂ injection location, dilution ratio and pollutant concentration must be comprehensively evaluated before applied to agricultural production．

In order to reduce nitrogen loss in process of corn straw aerobic composting, C/N value was adjusted by ammonium sulfate or urea, and ammonia emission and nitrogen retention in process of composting covered by nano membrane were tested．Results showed that fermentation temperature of ammonium sulfate treatment（T₂）from 7 d to 60 d was higher than that of urea treatment（T₁）．The maximum concentration of NH₃ in membrane of T₁ was 0.045%, while NH₃ was not detected in membrane of T₂．Composting products' pH values at 0 cm and 50 cm of T₁ increased to 8.34 and 7.86, which of T₂ decreased to 6.04 and 6.28 respectively．Dry matter loss rate, total nutrient content, seed germination index and C_HA/C_FA of composting products in T₂ were higher than those in T₁．Compared with T₁, nitrogen loss rate of T₂ was reduced by 24.59%．Except water content, physicochemical properties of composting products of T₁ and T₂ met requirements of NY/T 525—2021 "Organic Fertilizer"．

In recent years, with rapid development of China's edible fungus industry, a large number of bacteria slag have been produced, causing serious environmental pollution．Mushroom residue, corn straw and animal and poultry manure were used as raw materials to make organic fertilizer, which could not only realize resource utilization of bacteria residue, but also produce cheap and high-quality organic fertilizer．Optimization of composting process parameters of organic fertilizer using mushroom residue were studied, influence of raw material feces type and initial carbon-nitrogen ratio on composting indexes were explored．This experiment successfully used mushroom residue to produce commercialized organic fertilizer products in line with national industry standards, and found that feces type was pig manure, initial carbon-nitrogen ratio of 25∶1 was optimal composting process．

In order to reduce shell crushing rate during mussel processing and improve technical level of mussel and related shellfish finishing production line, taking thick shell mussel as research object, three-dimensional model of mussel shell was obtained through reverse modeling of Thunk3D scanner．Static stress simulation of shell model was carried out to analyze distribution characteristics of deformation and displacement of shell after stress．Whole curved surface pressure bearing experiment of mussel shell was carried out by using tensile pressure testing machine, and pressure bearing performance of mussel shell was calculated．Combined with simulation results, orientation characteristics of crack path of broken mussel shell were analyzed．Results showed that when the shell was under pressure in high direction, average ultimate bearing load of overall surface of the shell was about 550 N, the maximum deformation under ultimate load was about 1.3 mm, and bearing performance was about 3.12 MPa．Crack extension distribution had obvious orientation, and more than 60% of the cracks were distributed in range of ±20° along rectangular central axis of mussel shell．Determination of pressure bearing properties and crack path orientation distribution of mussel shell could provide an important reference for optimization of force application structure of mussel and related shellfish processing equipment．

Degradation of grassland in northern Tibet originates from drought．According to observations, grassland in northern Tibet is rich in groundwater resources, but could not be effectively utilized．Through several experimental designs, a set of energy-saving system device for irrigation in arid pasture areas in northern Tibet was developed, hybrid wind-solar complementary system power generation device was used, which was based on innovative clean power generation with energy saving, small occupied area, large coverage area and beneficial to the people in northern Tibet for irrigation and pasture areas, which truly reflected small size and great efforts．

In order to reveal impact of landscape on ecological risk in Gansu section of Weihe River Basin in recent 16 years, taking four TM remote sensing images in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 as data sources, a landscape ecological risk assessment model was constructed and research on landscape ecological risk assessment and its temporal and spatial differentiation in Weihe River Basin were carried out．Results showed that, from 2005 to 2020, landscape types in study area had changed greatly, and human factors had a great interference on landscape types．From 2005 to 2020, landscape fragmentation, separation and interference in Gansu section of Weihe River Basin showed an increasing trend except for construction land, and landscape fractal dimension showed a decreasing trend except for construction land．From 2005 to 2020, spatial distribution of landscape ecological risk in Gansu section of Weihe River Basin showed a significant positive correlation．Gansu section of Weihe River Basin was dominated by ideal and good ecological risk areas, accounting for more than 62% of basin area．The poor ecological risk areas were mainly distributed in Anding District of Dingxi．On the whole, ecological risk in study area showed a stable trend．

Using meteorological data of Yan'an City from 2011 to 2021 and apple insurance claim data from 2019 to 2021, high and low risk division indicators of apple policy agricultural insurance in Yan'an City were determined by using statistical methods and expert evaluation methods, and high and low risk areas were determined．Results showed that severe hail weather occurred in 5 years and severe frost damage occurred in 3 years since 2011, which caused serious overdraft of apple insurance in Yan'an City．Taking number of hail days in villages and towns（community and street office）≥8 days as index to distinguish high-risk area from low-risk area, combining with effect of freezing damage, 70% of apple planting area in Yan'an City was designated as high-risk area to realize healthy development of apple policy agricultural insurance．

Aiming at problems of poor adaptability of tractors in hilly and mountainous areas, large turning radius in field, easy to damage crops, long time-consuming and low efficiency, a 504-type hilly tractor chassis that could turn in situ was designed．Whole machine adopted a four-wheel drive walking system, with forward and backward speeds of 0-5 km/h and stepless speed regulation．Transmission system adopted mechanical "H" transmission route, and driving forces on the left and right sides were separated independently through design of inner and outer double shafts of longitudinal beam．Clutch type steering transfer gear was used to complete control of different working states of chassis through combination of two tooth type clutches in steering transfer box．The two-way power realized the forward, reverse, left and right radius steering and in-situ steering of tractor through combination of four states: forward rotation + forward rotation, reverse rotation + reverse rotation, forward rotation + reverse rotation, reverse rotation + forward rotation．Results showed that the maximum traction force of whole machine was 10.78 kN, the maximum and minimum total transmission ratios were 732.50 and 73.25, respectively．The maximum and minimum speeds of front and rear drive axle drive shafts were 31.07 and 6.21 r/min, respectively．Ratio of wheelbase to wheelbase of chassis was equal to 1, and sum of sliding resistance moment and rolling resistance moment of chassis was less than driving moment of chassis, which could realize in-situ steering in narrow ground, reduce empty travel of tractor in field operation, improve operation efficiency and effectively protect crops．

In order to provide some theoretical basis for design of cutting mechanism of Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves' and establish finite element mechanical model of Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves', it is necessary to study mechanical properties of Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves'．Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves' was used as experimental material to measure its moisture content, and radial compression, axial compression, three-point bending and shear tests were carried out．Results showed that average radial compressive elastic modulus of treetop part, upper part and middle part were 65.27, 80.01 and 118.30 MPa, respectively．Average axial compressive elasticity modulus were 20.64, 22.78 and 26.72 MPa, respectively．Average flexural elasticity modulus were 120.10, 180.34 and 221.56 MPa, respectively．Minimum shear strength of middle part was 5.60 MPa and maximum was 16.95 MPa．It was found that the maximum load of branches in the same position decreased with increase of water content, so sprinklers could be added to design of hedgerows or pruned when there was a certain humidity of Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves'．

In order to explore influence of physicochemical properties of mixed fuel on flow characteristics in nozzles of diesel engine, mixed multiphase flow model was used to simulate flow in nozzles of diesel engine with four different mixing ratios of biodiesel/n-amyl alcohol．Results showed that pressure, velocity and cavitation distribution characteristics of four fuels were basically the same．With increase of mixing ratio of n-amyl alcohol, speed of mixed fuel gas phase volume fraction in spray hole size the same cross-section were characterized by increasing trend, biodiesel mixed in certain proportion was n-amyl alcohol and biodiesel could significantly reduce density, viscosity and surface tension, improve fuel in liquidity, promote cavitation generation of fuel, and improve fuel atomization effect．

In order to address current issues in teaching "Food Engineering Principles", a mixed teaching model was implemented, incorporating information technology tools such as "Rain Classroom"．This structured teaching approach utilized a combination of dynamic and static states, as well as online and offline integration, resulting in an improved ability for students to solve complex engineering problems． New teaching paradigm integrated both learning and research, as well as competition and teaching, achieving remarkable results．This model serves as an example for reform and development of related courses in other colleges, and has played a leading and exemplary role in the construction of food engineering related courses．

Experimental teaching is a necessary way for students to understand and master theoretical knowledge, which helps to improve students' interest in learning and cultivate their practical ability．Agriculture related majors of College of Plant Sciences include agronomy, plant protection, horticulture, resources and environment．Mechanical courses of these majors have less experimental hours, less but incomplete equipment, obsolete equipment and weak pertinence．In view of above situation, three sets of self-made teaching aids were developed, which have been successfully applied in mechanical experiment course and open innovation experiment of four agriculture related majors in College of Plant Sciences．In experimental teaching, the "mixed teaching mode of introducing self-made teaching aids" was constructed, which was very popular with students．Through a questionnaire survey among students, students' improvement or recognition of seven questions, such as teaching mode, improving learning interest, self-study ability and applicability of self-made teaching aids, were more than 90%．Self-made teaching aids and its mixed teaching mode have greatly improved classroom efficiency and teaching quality．

Course teaching is an important part of graduate training, how to improve teaching quality has been current hot issues．Taking an agricultural engineering course "Agricultural System Engineering" as an example, interactivity between teachers and students of the 2 main acts and related to effective teaching and learning of the 3 issues, such as “what to teach and learn, how to teach and learn, how to test and answer” were focused on．Finally, three changes of teaching model were proposed, that was paying attention from knowledge to emphasize knowledge and ability, teaching mode changing from “teach” to “learn”, and focusing on process of examination instead of results．

As core course of food inspection and testing technology, "Modern Instrumental Analysis Technology" course urgently needs to explore and refine ideological value and spiritual connotation contained in knowledge system． Focusing on strengthening students' ideals and optimizing supply of ideological and political content, two ideological and political education cases of "patriotism" and "professional ethics" have been formed． Through detailed elaboration of case implementation and effect feedback, organic integration practice of professional knowledge and ideological and political elements in teaching process was explored． It could also provide a reference for implementation of ideological and political education in other professional courses．

Taking Chinese cabbage "Beijing New No.3" as test material, using different specifications of acupuncture tray seedlings, four treatments of 50, 72, 105 and 128 holes/plate were set up to explore influence of number of holes on growth quality, yield and quality of Chinese cabbage, and optimal treatment was screened．Results showed that number of holes in seedling tray affected yield and quality of Chinese cabbage by influencing growth index of Chinese cabbage seedling stage．With increase of number of holes in acupuncture tray, yield of Chinese cabbage with 50 holes/plate tray seedlings was the best after transplanting, and its biological yield and economic yield were 3.09%, 34.03%, 38.73% and 33.73%, 42.47% and 45.70% higher than those of Chinese cabbage with 72, 105 and 128 hole tray seedlings respectively．Yield and content of soluble sugar and vitamin C were 12.02%, 13.26%, 40.41% and 0.83%, 15.84% and 22.31% higher than those of Chinese cabbage grown in hole trays of 72, 105 and 128 holes respectively．50 hole and 72 hole trays were better seedling specifications for Chinese cabbage．

Castor is an oil crop known as "green oil resource", which can solve shortage of oil and has important economic value．Increasing yield of castor is a hot topic in field of castor breeding research．In recent years, more and more studies have been conducted on castor, aiming at increasing yield of castor and researching new varieties of castor．Related researches on breeding and genetic engineering of castor were summarized, and a theoretical foundation for further in-depth study of new varieties of castor and improving yield of castor was laied．

Guangdong Province is an advantageous producing area of Lingnan hebal medicine in China, with rich varieties and broad prospects for industrial development．In the past more than ten years, Guangdong's Lingnan herbal medicine industry has developed rapidly．Planting areas and output values have continued to increase, and level of industrialization has continued to improve．However, there are still some blindness in selection of varieties and the level of breeding of fine varieties needs to be improved urgently．Also optimization of cropping patterns and construction of production standard systems are relatively lagging behind, and degree of industrial chain integration needs to be improved．Furthermore, resource depletion and endangerment of genuine medicinal materials is prominent．Based on this, suggestions were put forward, such as optimizing industrial development pattern, strengthening protection of germplasm resources, promoting industrial technological innovation, improving production quality assurance system, creating characteristic brands, and integrating development of whole industry chain．And these proposals may help to promote high-quality development of Lingnan herbal medicine industry in Guangdong Province．

Based on panel data of 16 cities in Shandong Province from 2006 to 2020, impact of various agricultural infrastructure on whole province, east, central and western regions, with a two-way fixed effect model, was analyzed．Results showed that, from perspective of Shandong Province, transportation infrastructure had an obvious positive effect on agricultural output．Water conservancy infrastructure had no obvious impact on agricultural output in Shandong Province．Power infrastructure had a negative effect on agricultural output in Shandong Province．From a regional perspective, transportation infrastructure had an obvious positive effect on the east, central and western regions．Water conservancy infrastructure had a significant positive impact on the west and a significant negative impact on the east and west．Power infrastructure had a negative impact on the east and middle, but no significant impact on the west．Imbalance of regional economic development was direct reason for different impact of various factors on agricultural output．Therefore, input of factors that can promote agricultural output according to local conditions should be increased to ensure the maximization of input benefits．

Based on data of Shandong Province from 2013 to 2019, agricultural competitiveness of 16 prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province was analyzed and studied, and suggestions were put forward for further improving overall agricultural competitiveness of Shandong Province．The index system of regional agricultural competitiveness in Shandong Province was established．Three objective weighting methods were used for single weighting and a combined weighting model was constructed．Agricultural competitiveness of prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province was comprehensively analyzed and evaluated, and ranked according to combined weight score．Total output value of fishery, total power of agricultural machinery per unit area, and local financial capacity were critical index factors affecting regional agricultural competitiveness in Shandong Province．Development of regional agricultural competitiveness in Shandong Province showed a "M" curve, rising first and then falling, and overall level showed a rising trend with great development potential．There was a great gradient difference in agricultural competitiveness among cities in Shandong Province．Areas with higher agricultural competitiveness were concentrated in coastal and peninsula areas, while areas with lower agricultural competitiveness were located in provincial marginal areas．It was suggested to further optimize structure of fishery industry, strengthen innovation of fishery technology, increase investment in agricultural science and technology and strengthen construction of local financial capacity．

Adopting factor analysis method and taking agricultural product logistics data in western region of China in 2020 as the sample, evaluation index system of agricultural product logistics capability of western region was constructed, and a comprehensive evaluation of agricultural product logistics capability in western region was constructed．In process of improving logistics capacity of agricultural products in western region, existing problems such as unbalanced regional development, insufficient development momentum, and high loss rate were analyzed．In addition, evaluation results and existing problems in improvement process were given, causes of problems and targeted suggestions to improve logistics capacity of agricultural products in western region were further analyzed, such as consolidating construction of infrastructure, perfecting construction of information platforms, optimizing logistics system of agricultural products．It aimed to integrate agricultural product logistics resources, improve efficiency of agricultural product logistics．